![]() This involved devising methods for countering the tactics of submarines with improved convoying techniques, optimizing depth charge patterns, and so on. In May 1942, he took leave from Bell Labs to become a research director at Columbia University's Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Group. When World War II broke out, Shockley's prior research was interrupted and he became involved in radar research in Manhattan ( New York City). In 1938, he received his first patent, "Electron Discharge Device", on electron multipliers. Shockley published a number of fundamental papers on solid state physics in Physical Review. Shockley conceived a number of designs based on copper-oxide semiconductor materials, and with Walter Brattain unsuccessfully attempted to create a prototype in 1939. Executives at Bell Labs had theorized that semiconductors may offer solid-state alternatives to the vacuum tubes used throughout Bell's nationwide telephone system. Shockley joined a group headed by Clinton Davisson in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Shockley was one of the first recruits to Bell Labs by Mervin Kelly, who became director of research at the company in 1936 and focused on hiring solid-state physicists. The title of his doctoral thesis was Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride, a topic suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. Shockley earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Caltech in 1932 and a PhD from MIT in 1936. ![]() Shockley spent two years at Palo Alto Military Academy, then briefly enrolled in the Los Angeles Coaching School to study physics and later graduated from Hollywood High School in 1927. Shockley learned some physics at a young age from a neighbor who was a Stanford physics professor. Shockley was homeschooled up to the age of eight, due to his parents' dislike of public schools as well as Shockley's habit of violent tantrums. His mother, May (née Bradford), grew up in the American West, graduated from Stanford University and became the first female U.S. His father, William Hillman Shockley, was a mining engineer who speculated in mines for a living and spoke eight languages. Shockley was born to American parents in London on February 13, 1910, and was raised in his family's hometown of Palo Alto, California, from the age of three.
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